Depression, also known as Major Depressive Disorder, is a common and serious medical condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, and functions. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. Depression goes beyond temporary feelings of sadness or grief; it is a sustained and often debilitating condition.

 

Key Symptoms Include: Persistent low mood or sadness, Loss of interest or pleasure in activities (anhedonia), Changes in appetite or weight, Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping), Fatigue or lack of energy, Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, Difficulty concentrating or making decisions, Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

 

Depression is associated with changes in brain chemistry, particularly neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which regulate mood and emotions.

Structural and functional alterations in parts of the brain like the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala can impair decision-making, memory, and emotional regulation.

 

 

Physical and Emotional Effects can include: Negative thought patterns, self-criticism, and feelings of worthlessness can become ingrained, can also lead to physical health issues, such as aches, pains, and gastrointestinal problems, due to its impact on the body’s stress response and immune system.

 

Some consequences of depression may include:

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• Social withdrawal and isolation, which can exacerbate feelings of loneliness.

• Decreased productivity and difficulty fulfilling daily responsibilities.

• Increased risk of substance abuse as individuals may turn to alcohol or drugs to cope.

 

 

Experiences from early life, including trauma, neglect, or loss, negative or stressful parenting, abuse, or inconsistent support can shape vulnerability to depression later in life. These past traumas or unresolved conflicts can become deeply embedded, influencing current thought patterns and emotional responses.